The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority (APVMA) has advised that it’s final regulatory decision on paraquat and diquat, expected prior to the end of 2025, will now be handed down in mid-2026.
Despite the ongoing uncertainty around future use of paraquat and diquat products in vineyards, the AWRI currently expects them to remain in next season’s, 2026/27 edition of Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture, commonly known as the ‘Dog book’.
The APVMA initially deferred their final regulatory decision citing “a high volume of submissions from the public consultation process”; however, on 26 November 2025, reasoned the latest deferral following a release by the US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) of an updated review in which it concluded that there is greater uncertainty regarding the potential for paraquat to volatilise than previously considered.
The APVMA is currently reviewing its assessments of the volatility of paraquat in line with the US EPA’s concerns.
The AWRI will continue to keep industry informed of any further changes to the above timeline and of the final regulatory result and implications for industry.
Related AWRI eBulletins
29 April 2025: Agrochemical update − Delays to regulatory decisions on agrochemical use
6 September 2024: Agrochemical update − Paraquat and diquat herbicides under review by the APVMA
Acknowledgements
This eBulletin is supported by Wine Australia with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government. AWRI is a member of the Wine Innovation Cluster in Adelaide, SA.
Technical Review is the AWRI’s own technical publication, which includes updates on AWRI research and a curated selection of the most recent grape and wine literature recommended by AWRI Emeritus Fellow Dr Peter Dry and Engagement Specialist Matt Holdstock.
Australian winemakers and grapegrowers can view abstracts and access the latest non-open access journal articles and books from the John Fornachon Memorial Library, free of charge.
An analysis of underlying relationships between factors related to operating costs and revenue in Australian vineyards. [Read full-text online] Journal of Agriculture and Food Research
Surface modification of recycled low-density polyethylene for separation of emulsified oily polluted waters. [Read full-text online] Emergent Materials
Viticulture
Active and passive changes in sugar concentration during grape ripening [Read full-text online] American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
Afternoon shading delays ripening and modifies grape flavonoids and wine composition under natural heat stress in semi-arid regions [Read full-text online] Food Chemistry: X
Approaches to assessing soil nutrient cycling condition: A case study in the Hunter valley wine district [Read full-text online] Soil security
Revised viticulture for low-alcohol wine production: strategies and limitations [Read full-text online] Horticulturae
Scale insect pests in vineyards: Can biodiversity help suppress densities? [Access copy from AWRI Library online] Australian & New Zealand Grapegrower & Winemaker
Severe preveraison and moderate postveraison deficit irrigation improves berry phenolics in warm-climate Pinot noir [Read full-text online] American Journal of Enology and Viticulture
Vine age, variety and planting density influencing the effects of water supply on yield and quality of wine grapes—A meta-analysis [Read full-text online] Agricultural Water Management
Sustainability
Ceramic membranes for winery wastewater management: feasibility study and water reuse potential [Read full-text online] Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering
From waste to solution: modeling and characterization of grape seed bio-waste for phosphate removal from wastewater [Read full-text online] Processes
Infrastructure for innovation: Designing winery facilities for scalability, sustainability and smart technology [Access copy from AWRI Library online] Australian & New Zealand Grapegrower & Winemaker
Balancing wine stability with color and phenolic quality: insights into the impact of fining agents and tartrate stabilization methods [Read abstract online] [Request copy from AWRI Library] Food Chemistry
Dealcoholization of wine by vacuum distillation: Volatile and non-volatile profile, and sensory analysis [Read full-text online] Food Chemistry
Redefining future proteins with yeast proteins [Read full-text online] Food & Beverage Industry News
Specific impact of nitrogen supplementation on the metabolism of Saccharomyces and hybrids during wine fermentation [Read full-text online] International Journal of Food Microbiology
While you are there, check out the library’s database containing more than 765 immediately available digital journals and magazines, and set up alerts to be notified about new issues or key topics of interest to you.
This work is supported by Wine Australia, with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government. AWRI is a member of the Wine Innovation Cluster in Adelaide, SA.
An election was recently held for two positions on the AWRI Board: one in the Grape Research Levy payer category and one in the large Wine Grapes Levy payer category.
The AWRI is pleased to announce that Peter Szabo (CCW Co-operative Ltd, SA) was elected in the Grape Research Levy payer category and Wayne Ellis (Ellis Castle Consulting, Vic) was elected in the large Wine Grapes Levy payer category.
Peter Szabo is a vineyard owner and seasoned agribusiness leader with over four decades of experience across the Australian wine sector. He is currently the General Manager and Company Secretary of CCW Co-operative Ltd—Australia’s largest grower-owned grape supply organisation— overseeing operations, financial performance and strategic direction of a membership of nearly 500 winegrape growers. Peter is also a Director of CIT (Central Irrigation Trust).
Wayne Ellis is a highly experienced people, strategy, supply and operations and process manager with over 25 years’ cross functional experience with medium to large FMCG companies. He has extensive experience across a wide range of industry sectors including wine, project management, supply chain management and operational management in the electronics industry. In previous roles at Duxton Vineyards, Accolade Wines, Zilzie Wines and Treasury Wine Estates, Wayne was responsible for overseeing the supply chain and operations across Australia and New Zealand. He is currently a consultant with Ellis Castle Consulting.
Both Directors will commence their new elected terms on 1 January 2026. The terms of outgoing Board members Iain Jones and Damien Sheehan conclude on 31 December 2025. The AWRI thanks Iain and Damien for their contributions over their time on the AWRI Board.
As we start another summer in Australia, it’s time to start thinking about plans for dealing with the possibility of bushfires and smoke. This eBulletin provides a reminder of the resources available to support growers and winemakers preparing for and managing smoke events.
Resources available on bushfires and smoke taint
AWRI’s smoke taint page provides a comprehensive collection of resources on bushfires and smoke taint, including information on sampling, testing, interpretation of results, sensory impact and mitigation options.
Wine Australia’s website provides additional resources on fires and smoke, including case studies and podcasts.
State associations and Departments of Primary Industries have resources with specific information relevant to their state:
AWRI recommends that sampling of grapes for smoke testing be conducted around three weeks before harvest, to allow enough time for transport of grapes to a testing facility and for the analytical testing of grapes. Provided the same analytical methods are used, results can be compared to AWRI’s comprehensive background database of smoke marker compounds to assist with interpretation. The publicly available database now contains data for 21 grape varieties grown in Australia.
Pre-veraison grapes or leaf samples should not be tested, because there is no background database for these samples to support results interpretation.
All results from testing by Affinity Labs(AWRI’s commercial arm) include graphical representations of the results in relation to the background levels database, to assist with interpretation. See this ‘Ask the AWRI’ article for more information.
Verbal interpretations of smoke analysis from any laboratories using the same methods as those used to establish the background levels can also be requested from the AWRI helpdesk.
Capacity to deal with a significant smoke event
If a major smoke event occurs, AWRI will work with stakeholders and regional associations to share the most relevant technical information and optimise sample collection and transport.
Question & answer events can be scheduled in affected regions, where needed, in consultation with local regional associations. These will most likely be delivered online or in a hybrid format.
There is an option for sample preparation in-region to be supported to speed up testing.
Affinity Labs has increased its smoke testing capability since 2020 and plans are in place to quickly ramp up analysis if a major smoke event occurs.
Greater understanding of the risk of smoky wines based on testing of grapes
Following a major collaborative research project conducted during the 2020 vintage, more information is now available to help producers assess the risk of smoky wines based on grape analysis.
This work confirmed that the current suite of 13 smoke exposure markers in grapes could predict smoky flavour in wine in three varieties (Chardonnay, Pinot Noir and Shiraz).
Other studies have shown that applying remediation techniques can reduce the impact of smoke in some wines.
For more information or assistance with planning for future smoke events, please contact the AWRI helpdesk on helpdesk@awri.com.au or 08 8313 6600.
AWRI’s eBulletin is supported by Wine Australia, with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government.
Voting is now open in the election for two vacant positions on the AWRI Board of Directors in the Grape Research Levy payer (grapegrower) and the large (50,001+ tonnes) Wine Grapes Levy payer (wine producer) categories. One position in each category will be filled.
Levy payers in each category nominated the following candidates:
Grape Research Levy payers
Matthew Deller (CEO, Wirra Wirra Vineyards, Ashton Hills and Hahndorf Hill, SA)
David Lloyd (Winemaker, Tas)
Jamie Saint (Chief Winemaker, Australian Vintage Ltd, SA)
Damien Sheehan (General Manager/Viticulturist, Mount Langi Ghiran, Vic)
Peter Szabo (General Manager, CCW Co-operative Ltd, SA)
Large Wine Grapes Levy payers
Wayne Ellis (Consultant, Ellis Castle Consulting, Vic)
Rob Glastonbury (Operational Manager, De Bortoli Wines, Vic)
Iain Jones (Global Quality & Technical Services Manager, Treasury Wine Estates, SA)
Jean Macintyre (Project Lead – Liquid Innovation, Vinarchy, SA)
Steve Warne (Chief Winemaker, Kingston Estate Wines, SA)
Levy payers in each category are strongly encouraged to vote for their preferred candidate. Only Grape Research Levy payers (grapegrowers) are eligible to vote in the Grape Research Levy payer category and only large Wine Grape Levy payers are eligible to vote in the large Wine Grapes Levy payer category.
This is an excellent opportunity to have a say in electing a candidate that can contribute to the Australian grape and wine research and development agenda.
Need help deciding if you are eligible to vote in this election?
The Grape Research Levy (GRL) is the levy payable on fresh grapes, dried grapes and/or grape juice produced in Australia and delivered to a processing establishment in Australia. A GRL payer is an organisation (sole producer/partnership/company) that is liable to pay the GRL even if the actual levy is remitted by a winery on your behalf.
The Wine Grapes Levy (WGL) is the levy payable on grapes used in the winemaking process. A large WGL payer is an organisation that crushes more than 50,000 tonnes of grapes per annum.
You may be eligible to vote in both categories.
The election will be conducted electronically with assistance from Elections Australia Pty Ltd.
VOTING PERIOD NOW OPEN
The ballot is now open and voting has commenced. The ballot will close at 5:00 pm CST on Friday, 14 November 2025.
Enter the name of the levy payer (the organisation liable to pay the levy) and the person submitting the vote on behalf of the levy payer.
Cast your vote.
A levy payer organisation may only vote once in each election in which they are eligible to vote. The following representatives are eligible to vote on behalf of the levy payer organisation:
Sole owner
Partner of a partnership
Director (or Director equivalent) of a Company or group of Companies.
Results of the election will be announced in the week commencing 17 November 2025 via the AWRI’s eBulletin and will also be published on the AWRI website.
If you’re a grapegrower heading into the upcoming season and you do not currently have a contract in place for the upcoming vintage, now is the time to actively assess your options. With ongoing market uncertainty, oversupply and rising input costs, resting or removing vineyard blocks can be a practical and proactive strategy.
Below is a guide to key pathways, support services and planning tools to help you make an informed decision.
Resting your vineyard using ethephon to reduce yield
If you want to keep the vine structure intact, resting your vineyard using ethephon is a practical option. Applying ethephon between phenological stages E-L 25 and E-L 27 (approximately 80% cap-fall to young berry enlargement) can reduce yield, allowing you to cut back on inputs such as water, nutrition and sprays. This helps lower production costs while keeping the block ready for future production.
Further information on resting vineyards with ethephon is available in the recent eBulletin, fact sheet and webinar.
Block removal & returning land to level ground
For growers who believe there is no realistic contract pathway in the near-term, or who wish to reposition the land use entirely, this Guide for Vineyard Removal & Waste Management provides a step-by-step overview of the process. A companion Excel‐planning tool allows you to estimate costs based on local contractors and model different cost scenarios.
If the outlook is long-term low return, vineyard removal may help to reduce cost-drain and redeploy assets more flexibly.
What to do right now
If you do not have a contract for the sale of your grapes this season, it’s important to decide on a pathway as soon as possible. Waiting may limit your options and increase costs.
Options:
Resting: If you hope to return to production later and want to retain the vineyard asset.
Removal: If the block isn’t likely to be profitable for the long term and you’re considering replanting or another land use in future.
Pursue contract: If you believe you can obtain a viable contract and justify full cost production.
Steps to take:
Know your numbers: review profitability from each block over the past five years and estimate short-term returns. Use this information to set priorities, for example, which blocks to keep in production, rest, or remove.
Build your timeline: With resting or removal, there are lead times (contractors, budgeting, waste-management, approval/licensing) — acting now gives you flexibility rather than being forced into late-season decision-making.
Communicate with your state or regional body: Your associations can assist to put you in touch with local contractors, services, resources and funding programs.
Engage support early: Contact appropriate support services which may include a local consultant, accountant or legal adviser. Consider wellbeing support if you are under stress.
Other support, services & resources
Business & financial support services
Farm Household Allowance: Income support, professional financial assessment and training funds for eligible producers facing hardship.
Acknowledgements This eBulletin is supported by Wine Australia with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government. AWRI is a member of the Wine Innovation Cluster in Adelaide, SA.
Under conditionsfavourable to disease development, downy mildew can lead to severe crop losses, especially when fungicide resistance develops. This eBulletin covers the key reasons resistance occurs, how to detect and confirm it, and strategies for effective management.
About downy mildew
When conditions favour disease prevalence, Downy mildew is one of the most important diseases of grapevines in Australia. The disease is caused by the pathogenPlasmoparaviticola,which affects green grapevine tissue. When the following set of conditions arise, downymildew can become a problem:
What is fungicide resistance in downy mildew and why does it matter?
Downy mildew can develop resistance to fungicides when the pathogen Plasmopara viticola changes genetically over time, making fungicides less effective or even ineffective at controlling it.
Fungicide resistance can have serious flow-on effects for winegrape production. As resistance builds, growers face fewer effective fungicide choices, sprays are applied more often, and input costs are higher. Fungicide resistance can also increase environmental concerns, attract negative public attention, reduce yields, and even lead to fruit rejection at the winery.
Read more about how fungicide resistance occurs and how to avoid it here.
How do you know if you have resistance to downy mildew fungicides?
If you are applying fungicides each year and the incidence and severity of downy mildew in your vineyard seems to be getting worse, you may have fungicide resistance or reduced sensitivity.
Downy mildew fungicide resistance detections in Australian vineyards
Recent research led by South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), a research division of the Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA), has confirmed the detection of downy mildew fungicide resistance to several fungicide groups commonly used in vineyards.
Active ingredient
Fungicide Activity Group
Resistance status
metalaxyl
4
Detected
pyraclostrobin
11
Detected
dimethomorph
40
Not detected
mandipropamid
40
Not detected
Source: South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)
While only one representative formulation per active ingredient was evaluated as part of this research, a range of registered products for each of the above active ingredients can be found in Table 2 of the 2025/26 Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture, commonly known as the ‘Dog book’. A full list of detections from this research can be found on page 18 in the 2025/26 ‘Dog book’.
How can you test for downy mildew resistance?
If you suspect you may have fungicide resistance in downy mildew, a free national testing service to monitor fungicide resistance in downy mildew, powdery mildew and botrytis in winegrapes is available (until June 2027).
Samples for downy mildew resistance testing can be submitted to the SARDI Horticulture Pathology Laboratory by following the detailed sampling instructions here. Biosecurity considerations apply. Prior to sending samples to the laboratory, please contact ismail.ismail@sa.gov.au.
This testing service is part of a research project led by SARDI in collaboration with Curtin University and the AWRI, and funded by Wine Australia, the Cooperative Research Centre for Solving Antimicrobial Resistance in Agribusiness, Food, and Environments (SAAFE CRC), SARDI and Curtin University.
Importance of spray program management
Overuse of the same fungicide groups as part of a spray program is a key contributor to the development of downy mildew fungicide resistance.
One of the key information sources provided annually in the ‘Dog book’ to assist you in reducing downy mildew fungicide resistance is the CropLife Australia resistance management strategy on page 15.
Before you order chemicals for the new season, review this strategy alongside your proposed spray program. Take note of:
the fungicide group associated with each product you plan to apply;
which fungicide groups must be applied as a protectant − Groups 11, 11+3, 21, 40, 45+40, 40+49 and 49, or can be applied after an infection event but before the first sign of oilspots – Group 4;
which fungicide groups must be applied as part of a co-formulation or tank-mixed with an alternative chemical activity group − Groups 4* and 49;
the suggested maximum number of times each fungicide group be applied in the season; and
whether the fungicide group can be applied as a consecutive spray in the program – Groups 4, 21, 40 and 45+40.
Note that some fungicide groups and/or products are restricted or prohibited from use by some wineries or grape suppliers. Refer to Table 2 in the ‘Dog book’ and your winery/grape purchaser’s guidelines before you spray.
In addition to reading the CropLife Australia resistance management strategies, always read chemical labels prior to spray application, to ensure you are applying the correct treatment rate.
*As advised in the AWRI eBulletin on 25 August 2025, the APVMA registration of Group 4+M3 co-formulated downy mildew products Axiom MZ WG (mancozeb + metalaxyl-M) and Axiom MZ 720 (mancozeb + metalaxyl) was stopped on 01/07/2025. These fungicides are being replaced by Group 4 Axiom Flexi (metalaxyl-M)which must be tank-mixed with a product containing a different mode of action to avoid downy mildew fungicide resistance.
The fungicide resistance testing work has been supported by the SAAFE CRC whose activities are funded by the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centre Programme.
The AWRI thanks Mark Sosnowski and Ismail Ismail from SARDI and Lincoln Harper and Fran Lopez Ruiz from Curtin University for their review.
This eBulletin is supported by Wine Australia with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government. AWRI is a member of the Wine Innovation Cluster in Adelaide, SA.
Fungicide resistance in powdery mildew puts both crop quality and costs at risk this season and beyond.
This eBulletin outlines why powdery mildew fungicide resistance is a problem, how to recognise, test for, and manage it.
About powdery mildew
Powdery mildew is one of the most important diseases of grapevines in Australia. The disease is caused by the fungus Erysiphe necator, which affects green grapevine tissue. When the following set of conditions arise, powdery mildew can become a problem:
What is fungicide resistance in powdery mildew and why does it matter?
Powdery mildew can develop resistance to fungicides when the fungus Erysiphe necator changes genetically over time, making fungicides less effective or even ineffective at controlling it.
Fungicide resistance is a problem for winegrape growers because it can lead to:
fewer effective tools to manage the disease;
the need for more frequent or varied fungicide applications;
environmental issues;
negative public opinion;
higher production costs;
greater crop losses; and
possible fruit rejection.
Read more about how fungicide resistance occurs and how to avoid itin this new fact sheet here.
How do you know if you have resistance to powdery mildew fungicides?
If you are applying fungicides each year and the incidence and severity of powdery mildew in your vineyard seems to be getting worse, you may have fungicide resistance or reduced sensitivity.
Powdery mildew fungicide resistance detections in Australian vineyards
Recent research led by South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI), a research division of the Department of Primary Industries and Regions (PIRSA), has confirmed the detection of powdery mildew fungicide resistance to several fungicide groups commonly used in vineyards.
Active ingredient
Fungicide Activity Group
Resistance status
difenoconazole
3
Not detected
penconazole
3
Detected
tetraconazole
3
Not detected
spiroxamine
5
Not detected
boscalid
7
Not detected
pydiflumetofen
7
Not detected
azoxystrobin
11
Detected
pyraclostrobin
11
Detected
proquinazid
13
Detected
quinoxyfen
13
Detected
pyriofenone
50 (U8)
Not detected
Source: South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI)
While only one representative formulation per active ingredient was evaluated as part of this research, a range of registered products for each of the above active ingredients can be found in Table 2 of the 2025/26 Agrochemicals registered for use in Australian viticulture, commonly known as the ‘Dog book’. A full list of detections from this research can be found on page 18 in the 2025/26 ‘Dog book’.
How can you test for powdery mildew resistance?
If you suspect you may have fungicide resistance in powdery mildew, a free national testing service to monitor fungicide resistance in powdery mildew, downy mildew and botrytis in winegrapes is available (until June 2027).
Samples for powdery mildew resistance testing can be submitted to the SARDI Horticulture Pathology Laboratory by following the detailed sampling instructions here. Biosecurity considerations apply. Prior to sending samples to the laboratory, please contact ismail.ismail@sa.gov.au.
This testing service is part of a research project led by SARDI in collaboration with Curtin University and the AWRI, and funded by Wine Australia, the Cooperative Research Centre for Solving Antimicrobial Resistance in Agribusiness, Food, and Environments (SAAFE CRC), SARDI and Curtin University.
Importance of spray program management
Overuse of the same fungicide groups as part of a spray program is a key contributor to the development of powdery mildew fungicide resistance.
One of the key information sources provided annually in the ‘Dog book’ to assist you in reducing powdery mildew fungicide resistance is the CropLife Australia resistance management strategy on page 17.
Before you order your chemical products for the new season, review this strategy alongside your proposed spray program. In particular, take note:
of the fungicide group associated with each product you plan to apply;
that all powdery mildew fungicide groups must be applied preventatively before disease is present;
of which fungicide groups must be applied as part of a co-formulation or tank-mixed with an alternative fungicide group when applied consecutively – Groups 7 and 11;
that some fungicide groups (e.g., Group 11) exhibit cross-resistance among their members, meaning that changing the product or active ingredient within the same group does not contribute to effective resistance management;
of the suggested maximum number of times each fungicide group be applied in the season; and
of whether the fungicide group can be applied as a consecutive spray in the program – Groups 3, 5, 13, 19, 21, 50 (U8) and U6.
Note that some fungicide groups and/or products are restricted or prohibited from use by some wineries or grape suppliers. Refer to Table 2 in the ‘Dog book’ and your winery/grape purchaser’s guidelines before you spray.
In addition to reading the CropLife Australia resistance management strategies, always read chemical labels prior to spray application, to ensure you are applying the correct treatment rate.
Further information
The AWRI is currently developing a new guide for powdery mildew management. Look out for it in an upcoming eBulletin.
Currently available resources on powdery mildew and fungicide resistance include:
The fungicide resistance testing work has been supported by the SAAFE CRC whose activities are funded by the Australian Government’s Cooperative Research Centre Programme.
The AWRI thanks Mark Sosnowski and Ismail Ismail from SARDI and Lincoln Harper and Fran Lopez Ruiz from Curtin University for their review.
This eBulletin is supported by Wine Australia with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government. AWRI is a member of the Wine Innovation Cluster in Adelaide, SA.
Are you aiming to ‘rest’ your vineyard block this season by removing yield and reducing water, nutrition and spray inputs? Find out how, when and where you can apply Ethephon for best results and permit compliance.
What is ethephon and how does it work
Ethephon is a plant growth regulator. It can be sprayed on to grapevines in spring to significantly reduce grape yield. It does this by causing undeveloped berries to detach from the rachis.
Application details
Ethephon for bunch removal must be applied in strict accordance with APVMA Permit PER94008.
Timing
Apply between E-L 25 (80% capfall) and E-L 27 (fruit set: young berries enlarging (>2 mm diameter), bunch at right angles to stem). The most effective fruit removal has been seen from application at E-L 27a.
DO NOT apply unless the wind speed is between 3 and 20 kilometres per hour at the application site during the time of application.
DO NOT apply in a manner that may cause contamination outside the application site from spray drift.
DO NOT apply if heavy rains or storms are forecast within 3 days.
Number of applications
Up to 2 applications permitted between E-L 25 and E-L 27, at least 7 days apart. It is unlikely that 2 applications will be needed in most circumstances.
Water rate
Apply at a dilute spray rate to the point of run-off with a non-ionic wetting agent at label rate.
Product label rate
According to the permit –
for 900 g/L Ethephon products, apply at a label rate between 32-104 mL/100 L
for 720 g/L Ethephon products, apply at a label rate between 40-130 mL/100 L
for 480 g/L Ethephon products, apply at a label rate between 63-190 mL/100 L
Target zone
Apply to the full canopy unless there is a defined bunch zone where spray application can be targeted to saturate the bunches.
Equipment
Apply using an air-blast sprayer.
Thoroughly clean spray unit after applying Ethephon to ensure all residue is removed before use on non-target vines.
Jurisdiction
Under the permit, Ethephon may be applied in all Australian states and territories.
Grazing restriction
Do not graze any vineyard block treated with Ethephon.
Carryover
Minimal carryover effects on yield were found in the year following that in which one or two Ethephon applications were applied. Effects on other varieties were not measured a.
a Results of research trials completed across the 2023 and 2025 vintages by the South Australian Research and Development Institute (SARDI) on one block of Shiraz in the Riverland.
Acknowledgements
This eBulletin is supported by Wine Australia with levies from Australia’s grapegrowers and winemakers and matching funds from the Australian Government. AWRI is a member of the Wine Innovation Cluster in Adelaide, SA.
